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Boso Breakspeare
Boso (death 1178) was an Italian Cardinal.
==Origins==
According to the older historiography〔e.g. Lorenzo Cardella, ''Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa'', vol. 1, pt. 2, Rome 1792, p. 85-86〕 Boso was an Englishman from St Albans and nephew of Nicholas Breakspear, future Pope Adrian IV, on his mother's side. He ostensibly joined the Order of Benedictines at St Albans Abbey in the young age, and then entered the Roman Curia when his uncle Nicholas became cardinal. Shortly after his election to the papacy he was promoted to the cardinalate and died ca. 1181.
This view was still accepted at the beginning of 20th century, but subsequently was challenged by the number of scholars. Johannes M. Brixius (1912)〔Brixius, p. 113-114〕 undermined the tradition identyfying him as nephew of Adrian IV and benedictine monk. He showed that neither his relationship with Adrian IV nor his belonging to the Order of Benedictines is attested in any of the contemporary sources, while papal privileges for the Boso's titular church of S. Pudenziana attached this title to the canons regular of S. Maria di Reno. Therefore, Brixius concluded that Boso must have been a member of this religious community, and not a Benedictine. However, he still considered him an Englishman.
The monograph of F. Geisthardt (1936) about Cardinal Boso refuted almost all elements of his traditional biography concerning the period before his promotion to the cardinalate. He has proven that Boso's curial career much predated the career of his alleged uncle Nicholas Breakspear. He served at the papal curia from at least 1135 as member of the household of cardinal Guido of SS. Cosma e Damiano from Pisa, and it was Guido, not Nicholas, who was his early protector at the papal court. Geisthardt has established that Boso was born probably at Loppia near Lucca in Tuscany.〔Geisthardt, p. 1-39〕 His conclusions are now accepted in academic literature.〔Zenker, p. 149; Bolton, Duggan, p. 182 and 215; Robinson, p. 254-255〕
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